NGAHUMA : OLD SUNDANESE TRADITION
Ngahuma (berladang) adalah suatu sistem atau pola pertanian yang mengubah hutan alam menjadi hutan garapan dengan tujuan untuk menghasilkan pangan terutama padi.
Ngahuma (Farming) is system or pattern of agriculture that turns natural forests into arable forests with the aim of producing food, especially rice.
Sejak jaman kerajaan Tarumanegara masyarakat Sunda Buhun sudah melakukan pola pertanian ngahuma hingga sampai sekarang tradisi ngahuma masih dilakukan oleh masyarakat Sunda Wiwitan (baduy).
Since Tarumanegara Kingdom, the Sundanese people of buhun (old) have carried out of the ngahuma farming system, and until now the ngahuma tradition is still practice by the Sunda Wiwitan (Baduy) people.
Ngahuma (berladang) adalah suatu sistem atau pola pertanian yang mengubah hutan alam menjadi hutan garapan dengan tujuan untuk menghasilkan pangan terutama padi.
Ngahuma (Farming) is system or pattern of agriculture that turns natural forests into arable forests with the aim of producing food, especially rice.
Sejak jaman kerajaan Tarumanegara masyarakat Sunda Buhun sudah melakukan pola pertanian ngahuma hingga sampai sekarang tradisi ngahuma masih dilakukan oleh masyarakat Sunda Wiwitan (baduy).
Since Tarumanegara Kingdom, the Sundanese people of buhun (old) have carried out of the ngahuma farming system, and until now the ngahuma tradition is still practice by the Sunda Wiwitan (Baduy) people.
Does not change the baduy farming system into a paddy farming system such as Banten, West Java and others, doe to the taboo or pamali principle (customary prohibition) to cultivate land to paddy system.
Masuknya hegemoni politik dan budaya mataram jawa di wilayah priangan pada abad ke-17 merubah sebagian cara berladang masyarakat sunda terutama di wilayah priangan dari pola ngahuma menjadi pola bersawah.
The inclusion of the political and cultural hegemony of Java Mataram in the Priangan region in the 17th century changed of the Sundanese people's farming practices, especially in the Priangan area from the ngahuma pattern to the paddy pattern.
Coupled with the VOC (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie) which gradually controlled the Sundanese region and ordered the local people through native heads to plan export crops such as coffee, the results of which had to be submitted to the Company (VOC), causing the nomadic Sundanese people, requiring permanent residence and changing lifestyle.
Bila dilihat dari Naskah Carita Parahyangan masyarakat sunda adalah masyarakat peladang yang bersifat nomaden. Sementara bila ditinjau dari aspek ekologis, pola ngahuma dirasakan cukup menjaga keseimbangan ekosistem.
When viewed from Carita Parahyangan manuscript Sundanese people are nomadic farming communities. Meanwhile, from viewed from an ecological aspect, the ngahuma pattern is felt to be enough to maintain the balance of the ecosystem.
The inclusion of the political and cultural hegemony of Java Mataram in the Priangan region in the 17th century changed of the Sundanese people's farming practices, especially in the Priangan area from the ngahuma pattern to the paddy pattern.
Ditambah dengan VOC (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie) yang berangsur-angsur menguasai wilayah sunda dan memerintahkan rakyat setempat melalui kepala-kepala pribumi untuk menanam tanaman ekspor seperti kopi, yang hasilnya harus diserahkan kepada kompeni (VOC) sehingga menyebabkan masyarakat sunda pedalaman yang bersifat nomaden, mengharuskan bertempat tinggal tetap dan merubah pola hidup.
Coupled with the VOC (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie) which gradually controlled the Sundanese region and ordered the local people through native heads to plan export crops such as coffee, the results of which had to be submitted to the Company (VOC), causing the nomadic Sundanese people, requiring permanent residence and changing lifestyle.
Bila dilihat dari Naskah Carita Parahyangan masyarakat sunda adalah masyarakat peladang yang bersifat nomaden. Sementara bila ditinjau dari aspek ekologis, pola ngahuma dirasakan cukup menjaga keseimbangan ekosistem.
When viewed from Carita Parahyangan manuscript Sundanese people are nomadic farming communities. Meanwhile, from viewed from an ecological aspect, the ngahuma pattern is felt to be enough to maintain the balance of the ecosystem.
Dalam naskah Carita Parahyangan dijumpai istilah-istilah yang menunjukkan pekerjaan di ladang. naskah ini menyebutkan lahirnya lima orang titisan Panca Kusika, yaitu Sang Mangukuhan, Sang Karungkalah, Sang Katungmaralah, Sang Sandanggreba, dan Sang Wretikandayun.
In the Carita Parahyangan text, term are found that indicate work in field. this text mentions the bird of five incarnates of Panca Kusika namely the Mangukuhan, the Karungkalah, the Katungmaralah, the Sandanggreba, and the Wretikandayun.
In the Carita Parahyangan text, term are found that indicate work in field. this text mentions the bird of five incarnates of Panca Kusika namely the Mangukuhan, the Karungkalah, the Katungmaralah, the Sandanggreba, and the Wretikandayun.
"... Sang Mangukuhan njieun maneh pa(ng)huma, Sang Karungkalah njieun maneh panggerek, Sang Katu(ng)maralah njieun maneh panjadap, Sang Sandanggreba njieun maneh padagang."
Terjemahan :
"... Sang Mangukuhan menjadi tukang ngahuma (peladang), Sang Karungkalah menjadi tukang berburu (pemburu), Sang Katungmaralah menjadi tukang sadap (pembuat gula merah dari nira enau), Sang Sandanggreba menjadi pedagang."
Translate :
"... the Mangukuhan became a ngahuma (cultivator) craftsman, the Karungkalah became a hunter, the Katungmaralah became a tapping (palm sugar maker from palm tree), the Sandanggreba became a trader.
Translate :
"... the Mangukuhan became a ngahuma (cultivator) craftsman, the Karungkalah became a hunter, the Katungmaralah became a tapping (palm sugar maker from palm tree), the Sandanggreba became a trader.
Kutipan ini menunjukkan bahwa ngahuma, berburu, dan nyadap adalah jenis-jenis pekerjaan di ladang.
This quotes shows that ngahuma, hunting and tapping are types of work in the fields.
This quotes shows that ngahuma, hunting and tapping are types of work in the fields.
Lenyapnya budaya ngahuma di Jawa Barat terjadi akibat perkembangan kehidupan ekonomi, sosial dan perkembangan teknologi pertanian. terkecuali pada masyarakat sunda yang tetap berbudaya tradisional seperti masyarakat Sunda Wiwitan (baduy) yang masih menjaga tradisi ngahuma.
The disappearance of culture of ngahuma in West Java is the result of the development of economic, social and agricultural technological developments. Except for Sundanese people who remain traditionally cultured like Sunda Wiwitan (Baduy) who still maintain the ngahuma tradition.
Kalakay Jasinga
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